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TIME: Almanac 1993
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TIME Almanac 1993.iso
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040389
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04038900.002
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1992-09-23
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ENVIRONMENT, Page 63The Biggest Spill in U.S. History
A tanker hits an Alaskan reef, leaving an eight-mile oil slick
It was the kind of ecological disaster that
environmentalists had been warning about since oil first began
flowing from Alaska's North Slope twelve years ago. And eerily,
it struck last week, on the very day that the 3,100 residents
of Valdez had planned to commemorate the 25th anniversary of
another disaster: the great Alaska earthquake of 1964, which
sent a towering tidal wave smashing into Valdez, killing 131
people. After taking on 1.2 million bbl. of crude at the Valdez
terminal, the southern end of the 800-mile Trans-Alaska
Pipeline, the 987-ft. tanker Exxon Valdez headed out through
Prince William Sound. Maneuvering to avoid icebergs, the tanker
rammed into an underwater shoal called Bligh Reef. The vessel's
side split open and thick North Slope crude spewed into one of
the most pristine bodies of water in the U.S.
The threat to local marine life quickly became apparent. As
oil gushed out at the rate of 20,000 gal. an hour, emergency
teams found ducks coated with crude and sea lions with flippers
drenched in oil clinging to a buoy near the wreck. By the time
the leak had slowed to a dribble a day later, an estimated
270,000 bbl. of oil had escaped, producing a slick 8 miles long
and 4 miles wide. It appeared to be the largest spill, if not
the worst in terms of ecological damage, in U.S. history.
The mishap could not have happened at a worse time. Besides
being rich in whales, otters, seals, porpoises, dolphins and
many species of birds, the waters around Valdez also contain
some of the best commercial fishing grounds in Alaska. The
harvest that was to begin this week, when fish such as herring
and pink salmon start their annual springtime runs, could be
endangered.
How the Exxon Valdez ran aground is a mystery. The accident
occurred in extremely calm waters, and the captain, Joe
Hazlewood, had been plying the area for a dozen years. Frank
Iarossi, president of Exxon Shipping Co., said the tanker was
a mile off course even though its navigational systems were
working. Dan Lawn, spokesman for the Alaska department of
environmental conservation, said the captain's effort to steer
the Exxon Valdez back into the narrow shipping lane was like
"trying to park a Cadillac in a Volkswagen spot."
Emergency crews placed booms in the sound to contain the
spill, and the Coast Guard dropped chemicals in an attempt to
break up the slick. But local officials criticized Exxon and
pipeline officials for responding slowly. Doug Griffin, city
manager of Valdez, said the first teams to arrive waited for a
leader to show up and take charge.
Aside from the damage to marine life, the spill seemed
certain to have an impact in another area. Environmentalists
will use the accident as ammunition in their fight against
further oil development in Alaska, particularly U.S. plans to
permit drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.